![]() To our knowledge, only one study published findings of visual and tactile effects of liking in a repeated exposure setting. However, research on ME is sparse when it comes to tactile/haptic perception. Subsuming, the most pronounced effects were found for stimuli that were novel or unfamiliar in the beginning – before the exposure starts. Other studies used non-visual stimuli like music (e.g.,, ,, ,, , ) or investigated olfactory or food preferences by using a ME paradigm. The effects of exposure seem to be closely related to stimulus type– the ME effect has been tested extensively using various visual stimuli (see ) with large effects sizes for polygons or meaningful words, but low effect sizes for drawings and paintings. Besides presentation variables (e.g., the number of exposures), measurement variables (e.g., delay between exposure and rating) and subject variables (e.g., personality and individual differences), two major stimulus variables were discussed: stimulus type and stimulus complexity. In a review, Bornstein summed up twenty years of mere exposure (ME) research and reported essential factors and conditions under which ME effects occur weaker or stronger. This is compatible with Fechner, who mentioned that in some cases (as compared to the “first impression” being the strongest impression) a repeated presentation of a stimulus is necessary to reach the full strength of impression. ![]() By manipulating the exposure frequency (how many times a participant is exposed to specific stimuli), Zajonc was able to show that preference ratings increased with higher exposure frequencies up to a point at which the ratings remained static or declined again. The relationship between familiar stimuli and their higher preference ratings compared to novel ones was first investigated experimentally by Robert Zajonc. Already hundred years ago, Titchener described the preference for familiar stimuli. Hearing a well-known song from childhood days on the radio often leads to a warm and positive feeling. ![]() This component of preference formation was in the focus of research relatively early, based on the mere familiarity of to be assessed categories. The present study was conducted to investigate if haptic and cross-modal (haptic and vision) effects of mere exposure occur in the same manner as in the visual domain. The discrimination between “good” and “bad” or “preferable” and “not preferable” is for sure not limited to odors and food preferences – people, potential mates, clothes, music, literature but also social situations or attitudes are examples for “categories” that can be preferable or not thus requiring decisions to be made.Ĭonsequently, the preference formation in humans is of high interest in basic research as well as in applied research. Preferences play a major role in our lives: it starts before birth, when we are exposed to different kinds of odors that were shown to be decisive for later food preferences.
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