![]() Hemings learned of the dish during his travels to Europe with Jefferson and produced the cheesy, savory side we all know and love. Although the dish has European roots, the version Americans are familiar with today can be attributed to James Hemings, President Thomas Jefferson's highly skilled enslaved chef. Read the full disclaimer here.Baked macaroni and cheese is a quintessential southern side dish. The Food and Drug Administration has not evaluated the statements contained in any information on the Website. We are not responsible for any liability, loss, or damage, caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly as a result of the use, application, or interpretation of the nutrition information available on the Website. Before beginning any diet program, modifying your diet, or making changes to the diet of a child in your care, including following the nutrition information available on the Website, you should seek advice from a licensed professional. The Website is not intended to diagnose, prescribe, or treat any disease, condition, illness, or injury. Content related to nutrition is not medical advice nor is it intended to replace medical advice. The Website assumes or undertakes no liability for any loss or damage suffered as a result of the use of any information found on the Website.Īll information provided regarding nutrition on the Website is intended to be used for informational purposes only. The Website disclaims liability for incidental or consequential damages and assumes no responsibility or liability for any loss or damage suffered by any person as a result of use of the information provided on the Website. We make no guarantees regarding the results that you will see from using the information provided on the Website. We have made every effort to ensure that all information on the Website has been tested for accuracy. 18 best tips for super creamy macaroni and cheese.Truly easy microwave easy mac and cheese.Try these other no-fail mac and cheeses recipes too: Homestyle meatloaf with brown sugar glaze.Recipes to serve with your mac and cheese with tomatoes: Just bake it until the center is hot and the edges bubble–about 30 minutes should do it.Īs long as you don’t put the mac and cheese into a dish that’s too small and make it super deep, the standard bake time should be close. How long to bake a doubled versionĪ doubled version of this recipe will fit easily into a 9×13 baking dish. And the crunchy bread crumbs…it’s just one more way to love something that’s already amazing. For something fresh, you could add some cooked chicken to the party for a one-dish dinner or some of your favorite vegetables like peas or broccoli.Īnd just try not to fall in love with those tomatoes. Make your baked mac and cheese with tomatoes in a large skillet and add your tomatoes as the sauce thickens (before you add the cheese) and bake it all up together. ![]() (You can make homemade stewed tomatoes, but who has time for that? Me. Stewed tomatoes are so good on their own–they’ve been cooked down with celery, onion and seasonings and have a slow-cooked flavor straight out of the can. Not diced, not chili-ready, not with basil and oregano. And now I realize I might be a borderline hard-headed idiot for not making it sooner. Unsubscribe anytime Your email is never sold.
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![]() ![]() They all share the same characteristics: language, culture, commerce and family.ĭavila, who dreams of working at a New York City bank one day, commutes to his job at the Killam Oil Co. towns are united across the border with a Mexican city, said Irasema Coronado, a University of Texas at El Paso professor who studies border issues. Its sister city is home to 373,000.Ībout a dozen U.S. Some families didn't want to live under the American flag and moved across the border to what became Nuevo Laredo, according to the Texas State Historical Association.įast forward to 2018, and the city of Laredo, where 95 percent of residents are Hispanic, has a population of roughly 260,000. It was later claimed by the Mexicans and then by Texans when the state became its own republic in 1836.Īt the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, the Rio Grande became the southern border of the United States, cutting Laredo in half. "We can't allow others to define our relationship because we live it."īefore the United States existed, Laredo was a Spanish settlement founded in 1755. "From our standpoint, we're doing the best we can just to hold onto each other because we're so dependent economically, socially, as well as culturally," said Laredo Mayor Pete Saenz. In many ways, the cities are one, their identities forged beyond Washington, D.C., where the Trump administration plans to build a wall dividing the U.S. For these sister cities, the border is blurred. ![]() In 1986, the National Symphony became an artistic affiliate of the John F. Since its founding in 1931, the NSO has been committed to performances that enrich the lives of its audience and community members. He will also make is New York directorial debut with Jekyll and Hyde at David Geffen Hall in 2023. His debut album, The Floor Above Me, has been released digitally and on CD by PS Classics. He recently premiered his solo concert at Lincoln Center’s American Songbook series. Yazbeck also stars in his own song and dance show. In concert he has appeared with the San Francisco Symphony under Michael Tilson Thomas Carnegie Hall with the New York Pops under the baton of Steven Reineke with the National Symphony Orchestra at Wolf Trap with Michael Barrett he was featured on the PBS Great Performances special The Bernstein Centennial Celebration at Tanglewood with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and he was most recently featured on PBS with The Kennedy Center at 50. His television and film credits include The Good Fight, Billions, Smash, and the feature documentary Every Little Step. Yazbeck starred internationally in Kiss Me, Kate at the Royal Albert Hall in London under the baton of John Wilson. ![]() Louis), Goodspeed (Connecticut Critics Circle Award), Signature (Helen Hayes Award), Trinity Rep, Paper Mill, and Old Globe. Regional theatre credits include Alliance, Barrington, Williamstown, Hartford Stage, Goodman, The Muny (St. ![]() Off-Broadway credits include A Chorus Line (City Center), The Cradle Will Rock (Classic Stage), The Beast in the Jungle (Vineyard Theatre), The Scarlet Pimpernel and Crazy For You (both at David Geffen Hall), Fanny Hill (York Theatre), and for New York City Center Encores! he has appeared in Little Me, On the Town, Gypsy, The Apple Tree, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, and Pardon My English. Barrie ), Chicago (Billy Flynn), Irving Berlin’s White Christmas (Phil Davis), Gypsy with Patti LuPone (Tulsa Outer Critics Circle nomination), A Chorus Line (Al), Oklahoma!, and Never Gonna Dance. ![]() Glover has served as a member of the Artists’ Committee for the Kennedy Center Honors and Lincoln Center Theater, is a New York PopsEd Ambassador, a Judge for the National Highschool Music Theatre Awards (the Jimmy’s) and is a member of the Broadway Green other Broadway credits include Finding Neverland (J.M. Glover has enjoyed numerous commercial campaigns, voiceovers, narration and animated characters for television, gaming, film, and new media. TV & Film projects include: Inventing Anna on Netflix, Evil Season 2 on Paramount Plus, BULL, Black Box, The Following, Hostages, Smash, The Good Wife, White Collar, Golden Boy, Law & Order, Made In Jersey, and the independent feature film Broken Soldier. Glover has been privileged to work as Guest Artist with the New York Pops, Jazz at Lincoln Center, New York City Center, the National Symphony Orchestra, Houston Symphony, Philadelphia Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Symphony, Jacksonville Symphony, Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, Caramoor Music Festival, Calgary Philharmonic, Sun Valley Symphony Orchestra, Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, and the Smith Center in Las Vegas. elections, and continually advocates for improving public policies for the arts and arts education. He also served as Chairman of the Arts Action Fund’s ArtsVote2020 national initiative that encouraged voter engagement in the 2020 U.S. In addition to solo rock and orchestral touring, he is also developing a new unscripted TV series with Fred Rogers Productions, continues to appear in various film/tv guest-starring roles, and is working on new music.Īn avid photographer, Folds is also a member of the prestigious Sony Artisans of Imagery, has worked as an assignment photo editor for National Geographic, and was featured in a mini-documentary by the Kennedy Center’s Multimedia team on his photographic work.Īn outspoken champion for arts education and music therapy funding in our nations public schools, has served for over five years as an active member of the distinguished Artist Committee of Americans For The Arts (AFTA), and serves on the Board of AFTA’s Arts Action Fund. Folds released his first book – a collection of interrelated essays, anecdotes and lessons about art, life and music - in 2019, which debuted as a New York Times Best Seller, and is currently hosting a podcast series spinoff of his book entitled Lightning Bugs: Conversations with Ben Folds. This infomation is used to pair down the search results so that users only see the data they are allowed to view. There you will see the JSON that PeopleSoft returned to Elasticsearch. In MITMProxy, open the transaction and click on the “Response” tab. If you don’t see a callback transaction, try executing a search on a different index to get a callback transaction. The PeopleSoft plugins for Elasticsearch caches security attributes for 2 hours to help with performance. As soon as we have results in the search bar, you can look at your MITMProxy UI and see that it captured traffic. I’ll search for a page using the Navigation searche. This will send the new Callback URL to Elasticsearch. After you update the Callback URL and save, you must click the “Update Deployed Definitions” button. This URL is stored inside the metadata for each index. To do that we open the Search Instance page and update our Callback URL to point to MITMProxy. In our case, we are going to inspect the call back from Elasticsearch to PeopleSoft. When MITM starts, a UI available at You can open that URL in a browser and see an empty screen waiting for transactions. Powershell cd 'C:\Program Files\mitmproxy\bin' For the Elasticsearch callback, that would be our Integration Broker web server. To enable Reverse Proxy mode, we pass in the the mode and our target endpoint. mitmweb provides a simple GUI for viewing each HTTP request and response that is captured. To make it easier to view our HTTP transactions, we use the mitmweb executable. The callback process is where Elasticsearch asks PeopleSoft what security a user has so that it can filter out results the user shouldn’t see.įirst, we need to start up MITMProxy. The first example we will walk through using a Reverse Proxy to inspect callback requests from Elasticsearch to PeopleSoft. You can download the MITMProxy binaries right from their website, or you can install from a package manager. In this post, I’ll show you how to use MITMProxy between PeopleSoft and Elasticsearch, and with the PeopleSoft Integration Broker. ![]() Using MITMProxy, we can inspect HTTP traffic between two systems. Seeing the data can often help resolve issues. The pip3 installation guide worked: sudo apt install python3-pip & sudo pip3 install -U pip & sudo pip3 install mitmproxy. When working with HTTP calls with Elasticsearch or Integration Broker targets, it can be helpful to see the data that was in the HTTP transaction. To avoid circularity, run mitmproxy as the user nobody.There are times when troubleshooting you want to see what data was transmitted between two systems. This will redirect the packets from all users other than nobody on the machine to mitmproxy. Pass out route-to (lo0 127.0.0.1) proto tcp from any to any port $redir_ports user įollow steps 3-5 above. Rdr pass proto tcp from any to any port $redir_ports -> $tproxy #transparent proxy as that would cause an infinite loop. Default: proxydebug mitmproxy mitmdump mitmweb: bool: Enable debug logs in the proxy core. For transparent mode, use an IP when a DNS entry for the app domain is not present. #This cannot involve the user which runs the Default: True onboardinghost mitmproxy mitmdump mitmweb: str: Onboarding app domain. #The users whose connection must be redirected. #The user the transparent proxy is running as #The address the transparent proxy is listening on # Work-around to redirect traffic originating from the machine itselfįollow steps 1, 2 as above, but in step 2 change the contents of the file pf.conf to #The ports to redirect to proxy In fact, PF isįlexible to cater for a range of creative possibilities, like If you want to intercept your own macOS traffic, see the work-around below or use an external host to run mitmproxy. Outbound connection from a non-mitmproxy app, and an outbound connectionįrom mitmproxy itself. This means that they will NOT redirect traffic comingįrom the box running pf itself. Note that the rdr rules in the pf.conf given above only apply to On Linux, mitmproxy integrates with the iptables redirection mechanism toĪchieve transparent mode. That allows us to query the redirector for the original destination of the TCPĪt the moment, mitmproxy supports transparent proxying on OSX Lion and above,Īnd all current flavors of Linux. This is where the second new component comes in - a host module Receives a redirected connection, it sees a vanilla HTTP request, without a host This usually takes theįorm of a firewall on the same host as the proxy server. Redirection mechanism that transparently reroutes a TCP connection destined forĪ server on the Internet to a listening proxy server. To set up transparent proxying, we need two new components. ![]() It is muchĮasier to set up, as it does not require setting up IP forwarding or modifying Provides an alternative implementation for transparent proxying. Additionally, with the aid of Recoverit data recovery, you may effectively recover deleted or lost data from NTFS drives on both Windows and Mac computer. ![]() I hope we have helped you choose the best NTFS software for your Mac devices. It can do several Mac NTFS features that the free NTFS for Mac app can't, such as formatting and fixing Microsoft NTFS. If you have a small budget, iBoysoft NTFS for Mac is a better option than the free NTFS for Mac utilities. Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Tuxera 2021 suppo. If you don't bother about the dangers, Mounty for NTFS or FUSE for macOS is an excellent free NTFS for Mac apps. Install Microsoft NTFS for Mac by Tuxera to access everything saved on Windows NTFS-formatted drives on your Mac. Some of the free NTFS for Mac software have apparent defects or limitations like slow write speed, poor compatibility, and no technical support. Using NTFS for Mac software is essential if you continue using both PCs and Mac devices. ![]() "iBoysoft Data Recovery is a great application to recover and protect data" ![]() If they failed to work (sometimes), then use Paragon or Tuxera NTFS for Mac instead. It can be used by new users for transferring files, as well as by advanced users for extending NTFS attributes, formatting NTFS drives, and even repairing these NTFS drives and partitions. "iBoysoft is an effective and reliable program for data recovery in NTFS formats" Unfortunate, NTFS is patent protected by Microsoft Company and only. This is an app which can run in the background without much effort. Round-up Review for the 8 Best Free NTFS for Mac Software 1. Microsoft NTFS for Mac is a file system driver giving you full access for reading and writing to Windows NTFS formatted drives on your Mac. 10-day free trial period (the upgrading price is $34.95)ġ0-day free trial period (the upgrading price is $20)ġ5-day free trial period (the upgrading price is $15)ģ-day free trial period (the upgrading price is under $20) Built on the foundation of NTFS-3G, Tuxera NTFS for Mac is a commercial Microsoft NTFS implementation for macOS. ![]() Our dedication to quality and transparency means that you can trust us to deliver a delicious, nutritious snack that you can feel good about eating. Cool 2 minutes then use a spatula to lay cheese over a spoon balanced on two glasses. 21, 2020 /PRNewswire/ - Folios Cheese Wraps, the original 100 all-natural cheese wrap, announces the launch of their new website and real-time store finder tool, the. Bake for 8 minutes until bubbles formed and edges browned. Spread out the shredded cheese into a circle. Choose from Same Day Delivery, Drive Up or Order Pickup. Place ¼ cup shredded cheese or 1 slice of cheddar onto a parchment lined baking sheet. ![]() ![]() With 9g of protein per meat stick, you'll be fueling your body with the necessary building blocks to help you power through your day.Īt Chomps, we're committed to providing you with the best beef jerky meat sticks and meat snacks on the market. Shop Target for Tortillas, Pitas & Wraps you will love at great low prices. Once the cheese has melted, pour onto a piece of parchment paper and spread out to form desired shape with a wooden spoon. The folios are available at Walmart, Costco and other grocery stores that enable to make the crispy cheese folio base. Sprinkle on seasoning, and wait until cheese starts to bubble. That's why we've made sure that our beef jerky meat sticks are packed with protein and other nutritious goodness. In a low-medium heated skillet, add 3 slices of cheese. Once both are cooked and have cooled, more. Place on a dry paper towel and repeat for the other Folios.3. We care about our beef jerky ingredients, and we know you do too. Crisp the Folios Wrap for 1 -1/2 minutes in a microwave or until golden and crispy.2. With just 100 calories per meat stick, you can indulge guilt-free and stay on track with your diet and fitness goals. That's why we've crafted our beef jerky meat sticks to be a low-calorie snack option. Made with 100 all-natural lightly baked sheets of cheese, Folios® are lactose and gluten-free, grain free, and have only 1g of carbs ideal for a low-carb diet. The tortilla’s serving size is also one tortilla (49g) with 150 calories. We understand that our health-conscious customers are concerned about the calories in beef jerky and other meat snacks. A Folios cheddar wrap has a serving size of one tortilla (42g) that nets you 180 calories. Category Count Nutritional Content Retailer Availability Benefit Programs Cheese Wraps (223) Price when purchased online Best seller 384 25. Our commitment to using only the finest ingredients means that you can enjoy our beef sticks with confidence, knowing that you're fueling your body with wholesome goodness. Beef Jerky Meat Sticks | 100% Grass-fed Beef | ChompsĬhomps beef jerky meat sticks are made from 100% grass-fed and finished beef, ensuring that you're getting the best quality meat available. Stick to the basics: our sticks have zero sugar and plenty of protein, in a range of Chompable flavors. ![]() John Money, who was a famous doctor that got discredited by Oprah. She’s a great comedian who used to be a hippy chick in Baltimore and became one of the first trans women to get gender confirmation surgery under Dr. One other thing I meant to ask about were some of the film’s one-scene roles, like the “singing asshole” man or the woman in the park who flashes her penis. I still wanna make people laugh and surprise them in filthy ways, but I never felt the need to try and top Pink Flamingos because I felt I’d made my point. But he also liked the movie and was very proud of it, as am I. He gives an incredible performance, and I think that’s why he was weary of talking about eating shit. I think it worked beyond anything he could have imagined. He did it because it was in the script and when you make your first movies, you really go out on a limb to get noticed. That scene is just him being a great stunt performer. I think he got sick of talking about eating dog shit. He’s really good in the movie, but nobody ever wanted to talk to him about acting. I always said that Divine could never live Pink Flamingos down and I could never live up to it. Was there ever a time when you resented the film’s success? Or, at least, the expectations it placed on you to out-filth yourself? I think it happened because someone made the case that we ate the chicken afterwards. ![]() The chicken scene was the last of five cuts that got approved so that Pink Flamingos could finally be screened in the U.K. A scene would usually get put back in based on the argument that it’s a gross-out comedy. Pink Flamingos was banned in the United Kingdom for a while, and every few years it would get resubmitted to their ratings board. It was more shocking to him than anything else. I watched the film with a vegetarian friend at the IFC screening, and he almost had to leave the room during that scene. Instead, it got to have simulated sex in a movie and become famous! You could honestly argue that we made that chicken’s life better. We bought it at a market that advertised “freshly killed chickens,” so they were about to cut its neck and hand it over to us. I don’t wanna give anything away, but just know that I continue Divine’s curse. There’s also a documentary where we go back to the places we filmed in and tell the people who live there now about the atrocities that occurred in their homes. ![]() But we include some of them in this Criterion release for people to finally see. There were also a lot of scenes where characters talked for 10 minutes that just felt unnecessary. We filmed a subplot where Cookie gets murdered that was too violent and not very funny. What do you remember of the scenes that got cut? I read that your original cut of the film ran for two and a half hours. That’s why we shot the trailer stuff in the middle of nowhere up at my friend Bob Adam’s farm. It was a nationwide news story, and the American Civil Liberties Union ended up handling our case. I filmed a nude hitchhiker scene for Mondo Trasho and got some of us arrested for conspiracy to commit indecent exposure. Were there many instances like that, where the real world bled into filming? We were all influenced by radical politics and rioting, so we were driven, but we were also looking for trouble. But I wouldn’t call us a happy-go-lucky bunch. Danny Mills and Mary Vivian Pierce were freshly in love at the time, so those are the memories that flood back to me when I watch it. I certainly wrote Pink Flamingos under the influence of marijuana, but nobody was on drugs when we made the movie. Divine was an incredibly shy guy who just liked to smoke pot all day. I’m sure it helped that you and most of the cast had already made movies together and had a sense of camaraderie.Īnd we only got closer. ![]() It was also freezing because we shot in the middle of winter, so you can see everyone’s breath in a lot of shots. We’d all be in prison if we were like that! We’d work 20 hours straight, and some days the film wouldn’t develop so we’d have to reshoot everything the next day. Everybody always thought we were like those people, when in fact nobody was. What do you remember most about the experience? Some of the Pink Flamingos stories in your book Shock Value are just as shocking as the movie. Version 1.6 of the google-java-format Eclipse plugin can be downloaded from the releases page. To fix the import order, download the IntelliJ Java Google Style file and import it into File→Settings→Editor→Code Style. The import ordering is not handled by this plugin, unfortunately. When enabled, it will replace the normal Reformat Code action, which can be triggered from the Code menu or with the Ctrl-Alt-L (by default) keyboard shortcut. To enable it by default in new projects, use File→Other Settings→Default Settings. (A notification will be presented when you first open a project offering to do this for you.) To enable it in the current project, go to File→Settings.→google-java-format Settings (or IntelliJ IDEA→Preferences.→Other Settings→google-java-format Settings on macOS) and check the Enable google-java-format checkbox. Click the Marketplace tab, search for the google-java-format plugin, and click the Install button. To install it, go to your IDE's settings and select the Plugins category. ![]() IntelliJ, Android Studio, and other JetBrains IDEsĪ google-java-format IntelliJ plugin is available from the plugin repository. ![]() This is a deliberate design decision to unify our code formatting on a single format. ![]() Note: There is no configurability as to the formatter's algorithm for formatting. To reformat changed lines in a specific patch, use google-java-format-diff.py. The formatter can act on whole files, on limited lines ( -lines), on specific offsets ( -offset), passing through to standard-out (default) or altered in-place ( -replace). Using the formatter from the command-lineĭownload the formatter and run it with: java -jar /path/to/ Google-java-format is a program that reformats Java source code to comply with Google Java Style. While dealing with that, for a while she starts to question her future as a cop. Nina is also going through the process of trying to get her daughter, whom she gave up for adoption, back into her life. However, in order to make that happen, Nina must divorce her first husband. Eddie is determined to make it last and asks Nina to marry him, which she accepts. Eddie and Nina go through many obstacles in their relationship, especially when Nina is trying to recover from a gun shot wound she got last season. Unfortunately, he was only able to shine his talents for a short while due to his murder. Jonathan LaPaglia joins the cast as Detective Tommy MacNamara, an Irish cop with a know-it-all attitude and a distinctive personality, which doesn't go well with the team, especially J.C. New York Undercover Season 3 premiered on Augand concluded on May 15, 1997.Ī new detective joins the crew, a relationship heads to a new road, and death takes its ugly toll on two of the detectives. For Eddie, he tries to get his friendship back with a distant J.C., he is fighting his feelings for Nina, and helps his father who is dying of AIDS. once again finds himself struggling to put his life back together and dealing with the loss of Sandy, and can only relieve his pain by getting back on the streets. As for J.C., he is recovering from his wounds caused by his enemy who also killed Sandy. As she struggles to be a good cop, she also tries to earn respect from Eddie. being in the hospital because of his close encounter with death. Detective Nina Moreno, played by Lauren Velez, is a young Puerto Rican who was introduced as Eddie's new partner due to J.C. New York Undercover Season 2 premiered on Augand concluded on May 9, 1996.Ī new character has joined the team. She does what she can to look out for her detectives and never puts them on a case they couldn't handle. Virginia Cooper (Patti D'Arbanville), a white mother and wife who doesn't take any hassle from anyone. While working on his cases, he is also dealing with his family troubles and has a tendency to struggle with his heritage. Michael DeLorenzo plays Detective Eddie Torres, a young Puerto Rican who takes his job to heart. Unfortunately, an arch enemy of J.C.'s ends their time together. The one thing that he is striving to keep is his relationship with his girlfriend, Sandy Gill. Gore II) who is going through the motions of growing up and becoming a teenager. He is also trying to be a good father to his son, Gregory "G", (George O. Williams, a black man who is trying to put in life back in order again after separating from his ex-girlfriend, Chantal, played by Fatima Faloye. ![]() New York Undercover Season 1 premiered on Septemand concluded on May 11, 1995. However, those projects were passed over.Įpisodes Season 1 New York Undercover On July 10, 2020, it was reported that Dick Wolf was in talks with Peacock regarding future projects including Law & Order: Hate Crimes and New York Undercover. In the New York Undercover Season 4 episode "Mob Street", Dr. Elizabeth Olivet (played by Carolyn McCormick) counseled Detective Nina Moreno. In the New York Undercover Season 3 episode "Smack is Back", Dr. Despite all the pain and troubles they go through with their lives, whether it involved their cases or home life, at the end of the day, they relax to the smooth music performed by different artists at Natalie's. Williams, a recently separated cop trying to be a good father to his son, and Eddie Torres, a young Puerto Rican who struggles with his heritage, who work the streets of New York undercover. Filmed on location in New York, NYU is a show about a squad of young urban detectives, J.C. It ran for four seasons on the FOX network from 1994 to 1998. New York Undercover is an American television police procedural series chronicling the work of the New York Police Department's 4th Precinct. ![]() To our knowledge, only one study published findings of visual and tactile effects of liking in a repeated exposure setting. However, research on ME is sparse when it comes to tactile/haptic perception. Subsuming, the most pronounced effects were found for stimuli that were novel or unfamiliar in the beginning – before the exposure starts. Other studies used non-visual stimuli like music (e.g.,, ,, ,, , ) or investigated olfactory or food preferences by using a ME paradigm. The effects of exposure seem to be closely related to stimulus type– the ME effect has been tested extensively using various visual stimuli (see ) with large effects sizes for polygons or meaningful words, but low effect sizes for drawings and paintings. Besides presentation variables (e.g., the number of exposures), measurement variables (e.g., delay between exposure and rating) and subject variables (e.g., personality and individual differences), two major stimulus variables were discussed: stimulus type and stimulus complexity. In a review, Bornstein summed up twenty years of mere exposure (ME) research and reported essential factors and conditions under which ME effects occur weaker or stronger. This is compatible with Fechner, who mentioned that in some cases (as compared to the “first impression” being the strongest impression) a repeated presentation of a stimulus is necessary to reach the full strength of impression. ![]() By manipulating the exposure frequency (how many times a participant is exposed to specific stimuli), Zajonc was able to show that preference ratings increased with higher exposure frequencies up to a point at which the ratings remained static or declined again. The relationship between familiar stimuli and their higher preference ratings compared to novel ones was first investigated experimentally by Robert Zajonc. Already hundred years ago, Titchener described the preference for familiar stimuli. Hearing a well-known song from childhood days on the radio often leads to a warm and positive feeling. ![]() This component of preference formation was in the focus of research relatively early, based on the mere familiarity of to be assessed categories. The present study was conducted to investigate if haptic and cross-modal (haptic and vision) effects of mere exposure occur in the same manner as in the visual domain. The discrimination between “good” and “bad” or “preferable” and “not preferable” is for sure not limited to odors and food preferences – people, potential mates, clothes, music, literature but also social situations or attitudes are examples for “categories” that can be preferable or not thus requiring decisions to be made.Ĭonsequently, the preference formation in humans is of high interest in basic research as well as in applied research. Preferences play a major role in our lives: it starts before birth, when we are exposed to different kinds of odors that were shown to be decisive for later food preferences. |
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